Tracks.by Scores Likes For Lil Wayne, Now The Music Promo Platform Is Giving Out Invites

tracksby_logo_blackOne-hundred top hip-hoppers and indie rockers use Tracks.by to release their music and videos on Facebook. Now after a year of private work with a handpicked roster, Tracks.by is for the first time publicly offering invites to its music promotion platform. Artists and their managers can use Tracks.by to send out content that requires a Like or an email signup to play. Big name investors see potential in Tracks.by's focus on style, the feed, and building email lists. Path's Dave Morin, Menlo Ventures, Lil Wayne's manager Cortez Bryant and others have seeded Tracks.by. TechCrunch readers can sign up for an invite to Tracks.by below.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/komzwzfMMIE/

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Space Junk Forced Astronauts Into ISS Escape Capsules

According to a story from CNN, "A piece of a debris from a Russian Cosmos satellite passed close enough to the International Space Station on Saturday that its crew was ordered into escape capsules as a precaution, NASA said. The six crew members were told to take shelter late Friday in their Soyuz capsules after it was determined there was a small possibility the debris could hit the station, the U.S. space agency said in a statement." This isn't the first time it's happened, either. The escape capsules (actually, they're Soyuz spacecraft) must be nice to have on hand, but I'd hate to have to test their efficacy.

Source: http://rss.slashdot.org/~r/Slashdot/slashdotScience/~3/xOByEkV9gBc/space-junk-forced-astronauts-into-iss-escape-capsules

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Geraldo Rivera blames hoodie for Trayvon's death

By James Eng, msnbc.com

Zip it up. That was a common reaction Friday on the Web and elsewhere to Fox News personality Geraldo Rivera?s comments that the hoodie was as much to blame for Trayvon Martin?s death as the shooter.

?Geraldo Rivera of Fox News has lost his mind. He's saying #Trayvon Martin wearing a hoodie helped cause his own death?? CNN commentator Roland Martin, who is black, tweeted.

?Hey Geraldo, Black kids have gotten shot not wearing hoodies. Dude, that's just dumb.?

Rivera stirred up a firestorm when he said on Friday?s ?Fox & Friends? that the black Florida teen might not be dead had he not worn a hoodie the night he was shot by a community watch volunteer George Zimmerman.

?I believe that George Zimmerman, the overzealous neighborhood watch captain, should be investigated to the fullest extent of the law, and if he is criminally liable he should be prosecuted. But I am urging the parents of black and Latino youngsters particularly to not let their children go out wearing hoodies,? Rivera said.

?I think the hoodie is as much responsible for Trayvon Martin?s death as George Zimmerman was.?

He added: "You have to recognize that this whole stylizing yourself as a gangsta, you?re going to?be a gangsta-wannabe, well people are going to perceive you as a menace."

The outspoken ?Geraldo at Large? host, who is Latino, expressed similar sentiments in a column Friday titled, ?Trayvon Martin Would Be Alive but for His Hoodie.?

twitter.com

Geraldo Rivera's comments on hoodies and Trayvon Martin riled many Twitter users.

Reaction to his comments was fast and furious.

"i didn't even know geraldo still did stuff ppl listened to. damned if i listen to him now. but #BEATEMDOWNhoodies ARE on sale for $25," media personality Bomani Jones tweeted.

"Dear Geraldo Rivera: I'll use small words so you can follow me, okay? Hoodies don't kill people. Paranoid racists with guns kill people," tweeted Wil Wheatonof Los Angeles.

Obama: 'If Ihad a son, he'd look like Trayvon'

?That's like saying Martin should not have left the house while being Black. As the Million Hoodie marches emphasize, there is nothing inherently devious about hoodies. It's our culture's racist stereotype for "suspicion" that makes hoodies worn by people of color -- not soccer moms or Anderson Cooper --? an act that could be met with violence,? journalist Kristen Gwynne wrote on AlterNet.

In Miami, students from more than a dozen schools staged a walkout to protest the lack of an arrest in the shooting of a black Florida teen. NBC's Ron Allen reports.

On ThinkProgress.org, Alex Seitz-Wald posted a photo purportedly showing Rivera wearing a hooded jacket while covering a story during a storm.

?Rivera?s comments suggesting that Martin?s attire was responsible for his death are offensive and repugnant. One of the reasons Martin may have been wearing a hood is that it was raining on the day he was shot. As Rivera himself has experienced, a hood can be helpful in a rainstorm,? Seitz-Wald wrote.

American Apparel, the clothing manufacturer whose hoodies are popular with teens, said it was "appalled" by Rivera's comments. Marsha Brady, the company's creative director, said this in a statement provided to msnbc.com:

"To Geraldo Rivera we say this: American Apparel sells millions of hoodies each year in every color you can imagine, to every type of person you can imagine?pink hoodies to toddlers, black and navy hoodies to businessmen and successful entrepreneurs, as well as plenty of college students of all backgrounds and everyone else in between. We even sell hoodies for dogs. To say that this classic garment implies that its owner is a dangerous criminal to be 'feared' is absolutely ridiculous. We're incredibly sorry about the young man who was shot while wearing one, and feel very strongly that oversimplifying the discussion by criticizing the victim's clothing does the country, Trayvon Martin, and all those who support the end of crimes such as this one a massive and dangerous disservice."

Students walk out in Trayvon Martin protest

Msnbc.com examined the issue of black youth and hoodies in a story published Thursday. On msnbc.com?s US News Facebook page, the topic made for spirited, sometimes heated discussion.

Wrote one Facebook user, Scherika Foster:

Perceiving black teens who wear hoodies as dangerous is ignorant. Hoodies and/or baggy pants don't make young black males any more dangerous than heels and a fitting dress makes a woman a whore. This type of stereotyping is nonsense and keeps us divided. I've SEEN news clips where grown white men have committed bank robberies, bombings, rapes, and other such crimes wearing hoodies, but because of their skin tone no one perceived them as dangerous prior to their offense. It's not the clothes, it's the skin color...racism still exists.

?You can read more comments here?and here.?

Geraldo Rivera says black and Latino kids shouldn't wear hoodies because they only invite trouble. Do you:

More content from msnbc.com and NBC News:

Follow US News on msnbc.com on Twitter and Facebook

Source: http://usnews.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/03/23/10830530-geraldo-rivera-blames-hoodie-for-trayvons-death-critics-tell-him-to-zip-it-up

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If you owe taxes can you buy a home with cash without the property ...

Question by Crystal : If you owe taxes taken can you buy a home with cash without being the property ?
I have a friend who he wants to buy 10.000 inherited a foreclosure with the cash. His concern is that he Owes 20,000 in back taxes. Best answer:

Answer by Judy If you owe back taxes
, then any of your assets can be taken for the taxes. If you have a payment agreement in place and are regularly paying as agreed, your assets would not normally be attached, any tax refunds would be Although taken toward what you owe.


Add your own answer in the comments!

Source: http://www.lovefinanceinfo.com/2012/03/if-you-owe-taxes-can-you-buy-a-home-with-cash-without-the-property-being-taken/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=if-you-owe-taxes-can-you-buy-a-home-with-cash-without-the-property-being-taken

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Angry Birds Space skips Windows Phone in blow to Nokia

Enlarge image ?Angry Birds? Space Edition Skips Windows Phone

?Angry Birds? Space Edition Skips Windows Phone

?Angry Birds? Space Edition Skips Windows Phone

Henrik Kettunen/Bloomberg

Angry Bird toys are seen on display at the headquarters of the game's developer Rovio Mobile Oy in Espoo, Finland, on Friday, Dec. 3, 2010.

Angry Bird toys are seen on display at the headquarters of the game's developer Rovio Mobile Oy in Espoo, Finland, on Friday, Dec. 3, 2010. Photographer: Henrik Kettunen/Bloomberg

`Angry Birds Space' May Lift Downloads to 2 Billion

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March 23 (Bloomberg) -- Peter Vesterbacka, chief marketing officer of "Angry Birds" maker Rovio Entertainment Oy, says demand for the world's most popular mobile-phone game may reach 2 billion by the end of the year, boosted by the introduction of "Space." Jon Erlichman reports on Bloomberg Television's "Countdown." (Source: Bloomberg)

Rovio's Angry Birds Take Over Space Needle

?

March 22 (Bloomberg) -- Bloomberg's Jon Erlichman talks about the release of Rovio Entertainment Oy's "Angry Birds Space" mobile game today, and the company's bird and slingshot display on the Space Needle in Seattle. He speaks with Emily Chang on Bloomberg Television's "Bloomberg West." (Source: Bloomberg)

Angry Birds Take Over Seattle's Space Needle

?

March 22 (Bloomberg) -- Bloomberg's Jon Erlichman talks about the release of Rovio Entertainment Oy's "Angry Birds Space" mobile game today, and the company's bird and slingshot display on the Space Needle in Seattle. (Source: Bloomberg)

Enlarge image ?Angry Birds? Space Edition Skips Windows Phone in Blow to Nokia

?Angry Birds? Space Edition Skips Windows Phone in Blow to Nokia

?Angry Birds? Space Edition Skips Windows Phone in Blow to Nokia

Peter Vesterbacka, chief marketing officer and co-founder of Rovio Entertainment Oy, speaks during the TechCrunch Disrupt Beijing conference in Beijing, China.

Peter Vesterbacka, chief marketing officer and co-founder of Rovio Entertainment Oy, speaks during the TechCrunch Disrupt Beijing conference in Beijing, China. Photographer: Keith Bedford/Bloomberg

The new ?Angry Birds Space? edition of the world?s most popular mobile-phone game won?t appear on Microsoft Corp. (MSFT)?s Windows Phone platform in a blow to handset maker Nokia Oyj. (NOK1V)

?We?re the No. 1 app in the Windows Phone app store, but it?s a big undertaking to support it, and you have to completely rewrite the application,? Peter Vesterbacka, chief marketing officer of the game?s maker, Rovio Entertainment Oy, said in an interview on Bloomberg Television. Rovio, which yesterday started selling the game for Apple Inc. (APPL)?s iPhone and handsets running Google Inc. (GOOG)?s Android platform, has no plans to release ?Angry Birds Space? on Windows Phone, he said.

Nokia is betting on the Windows Phone operating system to revive its struggling smartphone business. The lack of ?Angry Birds? may make it more difficult for the company, based in the same Espoo, Finland-based office park as Rovio, to attract gaming-oriented users and persuade developers that its platform is growing.

?This is a worrying development for Windows Phone because it suggests that Rovio does not have much confidence in its future,? Nomura analyst Richard Windsor said today in a report. ?As the standard version is already number one on the Windows Phone app store, it gives a strong indication that no one else will expect to be making money writing for this platform either.?

China Push

Nokia Chief Executive Officer Stephen Elop has introduced several Windows Phones since October and plans to bring the handsets next to China, where ?Angry Birds? took off last year.

?China has been our second-largest market, but it?s actually been the fastest-growing for quite a while, and it could well be that China becomes the biggest market this year,? Vesterbacka said.

Nokia spokesman James Etheridge had no immediate comment when contacted today. The company?s shares declined 0.6 percent to 3.92 euros in Helsinki trading as of 1:34 p.m. Before today, the stock had declined 33 percent in the last 12 months.

Elop, who took over at the world?s largest mobile-phone maker in 2010, shifted to Windows Phone last year after determining Nokia?s Symbian and MeeGo systems couldn?t keep up with Android, the fastest-growing smartphone platform, and the iPhone.

Chicken and Egg

Microsoft plans to bring its Windows Phone software to 23 more countries for a total of 63 and put the operating system on less expensive smartphones, it said last month. The company aims to move quickly in developing economies, where Google and Apple are less dominant, before cheaper Android phones can strengthen Google?s position.

?There is a chicken and egg situation here, where no apps means no users and no users means no apps,? Windsor said. ?Nokia has tried in the past to get past this by paying developers directly to write applications but it has largely failed to bring any life back to the platform.?

For the time being, it?s too expensive for Rovio to adapt new games to Windows Phones, Vesterbacka said.

?If you look at activations, Apple?s iOS and Android are clearly bigger than any other platform,? he said. ?We want to be on all screens, but we have to consider the cost of supplying the smaller platforms. With Windows Phone it?s a lot of work to technically support it.?

Flinging Birds

?Angry Birds? may reach a billion cumulative downloads in the next few months, boosted by the introduction of ?Space,? and 2 billion by the end of the year, he said. That compares to just 50 million in late 2010, a year after the unveiling of the original game. Rovio predicts to introduce four more Angry Birds games by the end of the year, Vesterbacka said.

Basic ?Angry Birds? game play consists of using a virtual slingshot to fling birds at structures populated by green pigs. The game zoomed to the top of the chart in Apple Inc.?s online app store in 2010 before being rolled out for Android phones, desktop computers and e-readers. The Facebook version is approaching 20 million active users, Vesterbacka said.

Rovio, which has more than 300 employees, also sold about 25 million plush toys last year and has started a book division with a cookbook and comics.

Closely held Rovio published 51 games for Nokia phones and other handsets before releasing ?Angry Birds.? The game is on Nokia?s current smartphones and some lower-end models.

The new version of ?Angry Birds,? which takes place in space with planetary gravity interfering with the birds? flight paths, is available for Windows personal computers as well as Apple Mac computers.

To contact the reporter on this story: Jon Erlichman in New York at jerlichman1@bloomberg.net; Diana ben-Aaron in Helsinki at dbenaaron1@bloomberg.net

To contact the editor responsible for this story: Kenneth Wong at kwong11@bloomberg.net

Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus.

Source: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-03-22/-angry-birds-space-edition-skips-windows-phone-in-blow-to-nokia.html

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Cheap Car Quotes ? Never Pay Too Much For Auto Insurance ...

Did you know that if you decide to use riding on the bus as much as possible leave your car left at home that you might be able to conserve a considerable amount in your car insurance? It?s correct. If you can reduce your monthly driving a car to below 500 miles your insurance carrier may give you a considerable Low Miles Discount. Did you know that if you enroll in (or set up) a carpool at the job that you can save money every month in your car insurance quotes? Part of the monthly premium is based on the amount of times anyone drive forward and backward to work throughout rush hour or so traffic every month. If you can cut that range in half then you can definitely save a great chunk of modify on your insurance coverage every month * plus you?ll be doing a thing good for the environment and saving wear and tear on your car or truck.

If you are convicted of Driving Under the Influence (DUI) or maybe you are convicted of Driving Although Intoxicated (Driving while intoxicated) then your prices will increase. If you have a number of tickets or convictions, or several injuries or the latest insurance boasts, you may find that a lot of free online auto insurance quotes companies will just refuse to guarantee you and you will probably be forced to obtain insurance from your high-risk insurer * with prices that will be over the top. The training here is to simply drive correctly, responsibly as well as legally at all times. If you?re beneath age Twenty-five then you already know that your auto insurance is expensive.

A lot of penny pinchers tend to get the most affordable coverage. Although it important to save money, it is equally important to prevent one particular accident through wiping you out of trouble. The amusing thing is the fact that even if you do elect with regard to lower insurance, you turn out not saving that much funds. You can lower your texas auto insurance rates fairly by staying in school tweaking at least any ?B? grade point average. This will qualify anyone for a Excellent Student Discount which could save about 5% in your car insurance top quality.

Source: http://www.bingtuannet.org/cheap-car-quotes-never-pay-too-much-for-auto-insurance-premiums-again

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The New Perimeter Initiative: Will Security Trump Trade? ? The ...

The Canada-United States Law Institute at Case Western Reserve University School of Law and The University of Western Ontario Faculty of Law presents the 2012 Henry T. King, Jr. Annual Conference in Cleveland, Ohio at the CWRU School of Law on March 22 and 23. Conference attendees ?will analyze the ongoing border negotiations of the Beyond the Border Working Group and Regulatory Cooperation Council and their implications for business, security, and trade.? ?Ambassador Gary Doer, U.S. Ambassador to Canada David Jacobson, U.S. Ambassador to Canada David Jacobson, and Rear Admiral Michael N. Parks are scheduled as keynote speakers. Breakout sessions will discuss specific topics such as threat detection by law enforcement, harmonization of employment regulations, trade and jobs, and cybersecurity.

The Canada-United States law Institute had been publishing proceedings of its annual conferences since 1978, available in print and via HeinOnline. The conference traditionally features a mix of academics, business people, and government officials.

???

Selected, Topical Bibliography

compiled by Aurelia Tunru

George W. Liebmann, The Last American Diplomat: John D. Negroponte and the Changing Face of US Diplomacy (I.B. Tauris 2012). OhioLINK

U.S. Economic and Trade Relations with Canada and Mexico (Daniel S. Morales & Luis A. Medina eds., Nova Science Pub. Inc. 2011).

Norman Caulfield, NAFTA and Labor in North America (University of Illinois Press 2010). Smith Library Stacks HD8045.C325 2010

Michael Hart, From Pride to Influence (UBC Press 2009).? Smith Library Stacks ?F1034.2 .H368 2008?

Evan H. Potter, Branding Canada: Projecting Canada?s Soft Power Through Public Diplomacy (McGill-Queen?s Press 2009). OhioLINK

Daowei Zhang, The Softwood Lumber War: Politics, Economics and the Long U.S.-Canada Trade Dispute (Resources for the Future?2007) . Smith Library Stacks HD 9756 .Z53 2007

Ralph Haughwout Folson, NAFTA and Free Trade in the Americas in a Nutshell (3d ed., West 2008).?OhioLINK

Jerome R. Corsi, The Late Great U.S.A.: The Coming Merger with Mexico and Canada (WND Books 2007). OhioLINK

Dan Zuberi, Differences That Matter: Social Policy and the Working Poor in the United States and Canada (Cornell University Press 2006).?? MSASS Library Stacks HC110.P6 Z83 2006

Dimitry Anastakis, Auto Pact: Creating a Borderless North American Auto Industry, 1960-1971 (University of Toronto Press, 2005).?OhioLINK

Gary Clyde Hufbauer, NAFTA Revisited: Achievements and Challenges (Institute for International Economics 2005). Law Library Stacks HF1746 .H85 2005

?

ARTICLES

?

Cameron Anderson & Laura Stephenson, Identity, Economy and Integration: Evaluating the Sources of Public Opinion on Canada-US Integration, Canadian Political Science Association Conference, May 16-18, 2011.

Michele Campolieti, Rafael Gomez & Morley Gunderson, What Accounts for the Representation Gap? Decomposing Canada?US Differences in the Desire for Collective Voice, 53 Journal of Industrial Relations 425 (2011). (abstract)

Allison Harell, Stuart N. Soroka & Shanto Iyengar, Attitudes toward Immigration and Immigrants: The Impact of Economic and Cultural Cues in the US and Canada, APSA Annual Meeting Paper (2011).

Brent Kelly, Changes to the Canadian Foreign Policy Agenda: From Liberal Internationalist to Neo-Realist, The Lyceum (2011).

Cameron D. Anderson & Laura B. Stephenson, Moving Closer or Drifting Apart? Assessing the State of Public Opinion on the U.S.-Canada Relationship, The Canada U.S. Institute (2010).

Joseph A. McKinney, US-Canadian Economic Relations, Twenty Years after the USA-Canada Free Trade Agreement, 23 British Journal of Canadian Studies 233 (2010).? (abstract)

Jason Ackleson, From ?Thin? to ?Thick? (and Back Again?): The Politics and Policies of the Contemporary US-Canada Border, 39 American Review of Canadian Studies 336 (2009).? (abstract)

Robert H. Edwards, Continental Security and Canada-US Relations: Maritime Perspectives, Challenges and Opportunities, Centre for Foreign Policy Studies (2009).

Melissa Haussman & Laura Macdonald, Canada-US Relations under Obama: Continuity or Change?, 39 American Review of Canadian Studies 323 (2009).? (abstract)

Robert Howse, Settling Trade Remedy Disputes: When the WTO Forum is Better than the NAFTA, C.D. Howe Institute (2009).

Veronica Kitchen & Karthika Saikumar, Canada (En)Counters Terrorism: U.S.-Canada Relations and Counter-terrorism Policy, 21 Terrorism and Political Violence 155 (2009).? (abstract)

Eleanor D. Kinney, Health Care Financing and Delivery in the United States, Mexico, and Canada: Establishing Intentional Principles for Sound Integration, 26 Wis. Int?l L.J. 934 (2008).? (HeinOnline access)

Jasmin H. Cheung-Gertler, A Model Power for a Troubled World? Canadian National Interests and Human Security in the 21st Century, 62 International Journal 589 (2007).? (JSTOR access)

?

Source: http://lawlibrary.case.edu/2012/03/23/the-new-perimeter-initiative-will-security-trump-trade/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=the-new-perimeter-initiative-will-security-trump-trade

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Tornado victims offered childcare help

Tornado victims offered childcare help

Mar 23, 2012
By STAFF

WEST LIBERTY, Ky. (BP)?Kentucky Baptists are?providing families affected by the March 2 tornado in West Liberty a nurturing place for their children during the day.

An emergency childcare unit has opened at the Red Cross shelter in the tornado-ravaged town. Trained Kentucky Baptist volunteers are providing activities and care for the children, giving parents time to take the first steps in recovery.

?? [F]amilies are coming back to the community and they need all the help we can give them as they try to move forward,? said Coy Webb, director of the Kentucky Baptist Convention Baptist Men on Missions department.

Children visiting the childcare unit receive a handmade blanket from Kentucky Baptists, with a ?label? sewn inside each blanket relaying a message of love and care.

This is the first deployment of the childcare unit launched last year by Christian County Baptist Association?s churches.

More than 100 disaster relief volunteers are serving in communities across the commonwealth impacted by a string of tornadoes that killed more than 20 people.

In addition to the childcare unit, Baptist volunteers are providing hot meals, clean-up assistance, hot showers and laundry service.

At each location, chaplains trained to counsel people in crisis are offering a listening ear and comfort.

With communications badly disrupted in West?Liberty because of the twister, KBC?s emergency communications unit helped keep individuals and?organizations connected in the days immediately after the tornado.

The services are made possible through gifts to Kentucky Baptist Disaster Relief and the Cooperative Program.

Hundreds of Kentucky Baptists who are not official disaster relief volunteers have been working in various ways through their individual congregations to meet needs.?

?We?ve been getting reports from all over the state through social media,? said Robert Reeves, director of communications for the Kentucky Baptist Convention. ?There?s so much going on that there?s no way we will ever be able to share all the stories.?

One of those stories comes from Hickory Grove Baptist Church in Independence, which launched a community Facebook group to coordinate disaster relief efforts. It has drawn nearly 2,400 members and is organizing work crews, fundraisers and other assistance.

?We always need more trained disaster relief volunteers and it is important to let people know that in a lot of cases unofficial volunteers are turned away from disaster areas by law enforcement or the Red Cross,? Reeves said. ?But there are 2,400 KBC-affiliated churches in the commonwealth and many of them have been and continue to be very busy meeting needs and sharing Christ following this disaster. We are very grateful for that.?

Webb and Reeves encourage Kentucky Baptists who feel called to disaster relief ministry to attend Saturday?s training at Porter Memorial Baptist Church in Lexington from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. EST.

?At the end of that one training session, you will be eligible to serve on a disaster call-out,? Webb said. New volunteers pay $40 per person. Returning volunteers who have not attended training since October 2008 are asked to pay $20. Another training opportunity April 14 at First Baptist Church in London will include Phase 1 training for new or renewing volunteers as well as a Phase 2 session during which volunteers are instructed on a specific ministry area such as childcare, communications, the mobile kitchen and chainsaw units. Online registration for each event is underway at www.kybaptist.org/drtraining.

Kentucky Baptists? disaster relief is on the Web at www.kybaptist.org/dr.

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Source: http://www.gofbw.com/News.asp?id=13865

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Puzzling over links between monkey research and human health

Thursday, March 22, 2012

Studies in monkeys are unlikely to provide reliable evidence for links between social status and heart disease in humans, according to the first ever systematic review of the relevant research.

The study, published in PLoS ONE, concludes that although such studies are cited frequently in human health research the evidence is often "cherry picked" and generalisation of the findings from monkeys to human societies does not appear to be warranted.

Psychosocial factors such as stress, social instability and work dynamics are often believed to play an important role in the emergence of disease, with the negative effects associated with high stress levels deriving from disturbances and sudden change. In evaluating these effects on humans, the scientific community often relies on primate models because it is easier to induce changes in their environment, and because of monkeys' biological closeness to us. Such studies have historically provided one foundation for the suggestion that factors such as stress or position in a social hierarchy may lead to some people suffering more ill health than others.

Researchers from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and the University of Bristol undertook an extensive search of relevant studies and found 14 which offered evidence on coronary artery disease (CAD) and social status and/or psychosocial stress within the natural social hierarchies of primates.

They conclude: "Overall, non-human primate studies present only limited evidence for an association between social status and CAD. Despite this, there is selective citation of individual monkey studies in reviews and commentaries relating to human disease aetiology. Such generalisation of data from monkey studies to human societies does not appear warranted."

Lead author, Mark Petticrew, Professor of Public Health Evaluation at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, says that without assessing the validity of primate studies first, there is little point in using them to build theories of causes of human ill-health.

He says: "Before we can apply results from primates into our society, we need to make sure that the evidence coming from these studies is reliable. Systematic reviews of animal studies are still uncommon but they are essential for assessing the consistency and strength of their findings. It is unscientific to selectively refer a same small handful of positive findings and discard all the others that do not fit the hypothesis."

The researchers also warn against generalising results from primate data to human societies and point out that many primatologists themselves have drawn attention to the limitations in reaching such conclusions, as their findings are not necessarily comparable between similar species of monkey, and sometimes not even within the same species. Too many factors are at play that can introduce bias, such as the environment the primates were brought up in, the laboratory settings and other potentially traumatic experiences like relocating from the wild to a laboratory.

The study suggests that if studies correlating social hierarchy and heart disease in monkeys cannot be generalised to other monkeys, it makes even less sense to extend these findings to human health outcomes.

Co-author Professor George Davey Smith, of the University of Bristol, says: "In the UK, systematic reviews are an essential requirement when used to informing decisions about human care, as NICE recommends. We should expect the same from studies in animals, and even more so when those studies are then applied to humans."

Health services researcher Sir Iain Chalmers, one of the founders of the Cochrane Collaboration and coordinator of the James Lind Initiative, comments: "A thousand years ago Ibn Sina warned against incautious extrapolation from animal experiments to humans; yet, as the study by Petticrew and Davey Smith illustrates, this practice continues today. A recent increase in the numbers of systematic reviews of animal studies has begun to address this problem. As shown by Petticrew and Davey Smith here, these reviews have begun to reveal not only citation biases, but also important methodological deficiencies in many animal studies."

###

London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine: http://www.lshtm.ac.uk

Thanks to London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine for this article.

This press release was posted to serve as a topic for discussion. Please comment below. We try our best to only post press releases that are associated with peer reviewed scientific literature. Critical discussions of the research are appreciated. If you need help finding a link to the original article, please contact us on twitter or via e-mail.

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Source: http://www.labspaces.net/118641/Puzzling_over_links_between_monkey_research_and_human_health

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BlackBerry crumbles in Canada ? RIM losing home market to Apple

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[ [ [['As the standoff dragged into a second day', 7]], '28687424', '0' ], [ [['French police stepped up the search', 17]], '28667224', '0' ], [ [['Seeking to elevate his candidacy back to a general', 8]], '28660934', '0' ], [ [['The tragic story of Trayvon Martin', 4]], '28647343', '0' ], [ [['Karzai will get a chance soon to express', 8]], '28630306', '0' ], [ [['powerful storms stretching', 8]], '28493546', '0' ], [ [['basic norm that death is private', 6]], '28413590', '0' ], [ [['songwriter also saw a surge in sales for her debut album', 6]], '28413590', '1', 'Watch music videos from Whitney Houston ', 'on Yahoo! Music', 'http://music.yahoo.com' ], [ [['keyword', 99999999999999999999999]], 'videoID', '1', 'overwrite-pre-description', 'overwrite-link-string', 'overwrite-link-url' ] ]

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/blackberry-crumbles-canada-rim-losing-home-market-apple-032544214.html

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